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Sandviken, Västanvik, Nämdö

A map from 1865 originating from the partition of the manorial estate Östanvik at Nämdö showed no houses at all here. But there has always been a question if the house was excluded from the map because it was privately owned and did not part in the partition.

En karta från 1865 från arvskiftet på Östanviks herrgård på Nämdö visade inga som helst hus på den här platsen. Men man har undrat om huset kanske inte ritades in på kartan därför att det var i privat ägo och inte ingick i arvsskiftet.

Complicated? Yes, but it takes down a lot of local historical speculations to more of reality.

A more detailed article about the house and the dating is available in Swedish.

Komplicerat? Ja kanske, men det har löst upp en del lokalhistoriska funderingar så att man nu vet litet mer om vad som har hänt.

En mer detaljerad artikel om Sandviken och dateringen finns, men bara på svenska.

Bergvik, Nämdö

I took a lot of samples from the old house. They were infested with mildew and very unhealthy to work with! The dendrochonological analysis revealed that the house was built by logs cut in the winter season 1875/76.

This fits in with the local history. The old church at Nämdö was located quite a long way from here. A new church was opened near this place in 1876, the same year as this house was built for the sexton.

Jag tog en massa prover från det gamla huset när det hade rivits. Proverna var angripna av mögel och ohälsosamma att jobba med! Den dendrokronologiska analysen avslöjade att huset byggts av stockar som avverkats vintern 1875/76.

Detta stämmer väl in med bygdens historia. Den gamla kyrkan på Nämdö fanns ganska långt från den här platsen. En ny kyrka invigdes nära denna plats 1876, samma år som detta hus byggdes åt kyrkvaktmästaren.

The old school house, Sand/Grönvik, Nämdö

Gamla skolan, Sand/Grönvik, Nämdö

A dendrochronological analysis by Lars Löfstrand in Uppsala revealed that the house was built with logs cut in the winter 1869/70. So this was obviously built as a school house, though it was quickly found to be too small. Building of still a new bigger school house started around 1908.

En dendrokronologisk analys av Lars Löfstrand i Uppsala avslöjade att huset byggts med stockar som avverkats vintern 1869/70. Så det här huset byggdes uppenbarligen som skolhus, fast man snart upptäckte att det var alldeles för litet. Omkring 1908 började man bygga ett nytt större skolhus.

Kaptensudden, Västanvik, Nämdö

When the house was demolised one year later, I took a number of samples for dating.

Vid rivningen ett år senare passade jag på att ta ett antal prover för datering.

Overlapping

Överlappning

Reference curve = Mean value curve
Referenskurva = Medelvärdeskurva%/

How to start up with a reference curve?

Using fresh trees

One way to start up with a reference curve is to get samples from trees which are cut by you or by your neighbours. Always be on the alert and ask for a plate when you see people cutting up big trees. Another way of getting samples is asking those guys who are professionally cutting trees in your area. This way you can easily get a reference curve covering about 180 years (we are talking about Scotch pine now). This is also a good way to exercise sample preparation (grinding) and measuring.

When measuring tree rings, you will now and then be fooled by rings which go into each other and look like one ring, especially if you find trees from poor, dry soil or cliffs. But working with newly cut trees means that you have the answer book! You know that all your samples should match together. That situation is a good teacher! And this way you also get accustomed to deviations between trees.

Another thing to remember when doing the measurements is making mean values. Using several radii from the same log makes your data more representative for the log as a whole. This makes your data easier to match against other ring width data series. For a way to build mean values, see the lesson "Fitting curves together" in Using CDendro.

Extending the reference curve with old living trees

When you have that 130-180 year long reference curve, you need to extend it. In my area I was lucky enough to find very old trees (250-400 years old) left in a forest which was owned by a friend. (I.e. it was not too hard to get the permission from the landowner to take samples.) When taking samples from living trees we use an increment borer to take out cores. Increment borers are used by forestry people to measure the tree growth in a forest. And remember, two samples from a log is better than one. Ring width mean values give quality to your measurements!

Old trees are not growing fast. Therefore it is difficult to measure the very narrow rings from the last 100 years. But you don't have to! You already have a lot of measurements from your neighbours' young trees. So start measuring where the rings get wider. Just count the number of young rings so you know where to add the old ones to your reference curve.

Another source is of course old houses which are being demolished or repaired. Local contacts are essential, otherwise the whole house has been burned up before you get there! And remember: Take samples from many logs (20-30) to really get enough reference data. (When in a hurry, this will make a lot of sometimes unhealthy mildewy firewood to take care of.)

Remember, you will often find reused old logs which have been built into the house. See the text about the house Sandviken at this site. In Sandviken we found four different datings of wood! So take many samples when you have the chance!

How many samples make a good reference curve?

My experience says that you get quite a good reference when any year in your curve is covered by 15-20 samples.

Recently I took samples from a demolished house, Kaptensudden (that's the one on the picture above) where the measurements did not match very well to my reference curve. Parts of the timber had very thin rings so it was difficult to measure with my old 600 dpi scanner. With a new 1600 dpi scanner I could later build a reference curve for the house. That curve could be matched towards my Nämdö curve with a correlation coefficient of 0.60, though individual samples had values in the range 0.26 - 0.49. Obviously the logs have been bought from somewhere else.

The final reference curve from Kaptensudden contains 17 samples. With only 8 samples the correlation towards the Nämdö curve became 0.55. With 6 samples it became 0.51. This is an indication of how many samples you need to build a reference curve.

How to validate your reference curve?

Always be on the alert for errors in your ring measurements. Make sure that all curves within a reference curve really fit properly together. Avoid measurements from the very innermost treerings of a log. Sometimes you have rings missing there or it is not obvious what is a ring and what is not.

A missing or an extra ring at the end of a curve may go through at a correlation analysis. Though a visual inspection of the curve compared to a reference would reveal the error.

In the CDendro program you can divide your sample into blocks with a length of e.g. 50 years and check that each block matches properly at its correct place in the reference curve.

Avoid adding samples of only 60 years to your reference curve. This can only be motivated when correlation is high and you know that a sample belongs to a group of contemporary samples from the same place.

Reference curves for different regions.

I have collected samples from three regions:
• Nämdö in the Stockholm archipelago
• Saltsjöbaden at the boarder of the archipelago 25 km west of Nämdö
• Bettna 115 km WSW of Nämdö and 35 km NW of Oxelösund in Södermanland.
• In addition I have samples collected by Per Zackrisson at "Svensk Byggtradition", Aneby in Småland. Aneby is some 160 km SW of Bettna.

The collections from Saltsjöbaden and from Bettna are not at all as extensive as that from Nämdö. The curves are indeed different but they are so much alike that the Nämdö collection can be used to date samples from Saltsjöbaden (of course - it is very nearby!) but also from Bettna.

The correlation coefficients when comparing between the Saltsjöbaden collection towards the Nämdö reference are 0.63/0.29 (best/next best).

The Bettna collection matches towards Nämdö with 0.49/0.21 (best/next best) and towards Saltsjöbaden with 0.54/0.32 (best/next best).

The first 110 years (which are most representative = many samples) of the Aneby collection matches towards the Nämdö collection with a correlation coefficient of 0.47/0.34 (best/next best). The Aneby collection also matches towards that of Torbjörn Axelson, Björbo, Dalarna (see the "Other sites" section), with 0.50/0.28.

Probably the Nämdö collection can be used as a basis and reference for building new reference curves in quite a large area around Stockholm!

With the core borer you can take samples from dry wood without using a chain saw. Though, when the wood is heavily infected by woodworms the samples fall to pieces and you get wood-flour instead of treerings. This type of borer also have an outer diameter higher than 10 mm which demands not only a strong drilling machine but also a boring chuck which is wide enough. With these borers, oil is sometimes used as a lubricant. Though the oil tend to smear with the drill cuttings and prevent it from getting out around the borer.

When you take out the borer, the core is often left in the middle of the hole in the log. You need something to cut it at the bottom so you can take it out. I use a metal strip which is bent at the end to work as a knife. It is also somewhat bent across the length section to make it stiff. It is made of those metallic strips used to keep big packages together e.g. when delivering building materials. - A slim U-formed aluminium profile may also do.

When you have taken out the core, there is a big hole left in the house. Think about putting something into it, for example a cork. So have it with you.

Med kärnhålsborr kan du ta prover ur torr ved utan att använda motorsåg. Fast om veden är svårt angripen av trämask kan det hända att provet faller i bitar och att du bara får trämjöl och inte årsringar. Denna typ av borr har en ytterdiameter som är större än 10 mm. Detta ställer inte bara krav på en stark borrmaskin utan även på en borrchuck som är tillräckligt vid! Med denna typ av borr använder man ibland olja som smörjmedel vid borrning.  Fast jag tycker att oljan tenderar att smeta ihop sig med spånorna från borrningen vilket gör att spånorna inte vill mata ut ordentligt runt borret.

När du tar ut borret händer det ofta att borrkärnan sitter fast i mitten av hålet i stocken. Du behöver något att skära av den med i botten på hålet för att du skall kunna ta ut den. Jag använder ett stålband som är böjt i änden så att det kan fungera som kniv. Profilen är också något välvd på tvären så att bandet blir styvt. Det är gjort av ett metallband som använts för att hålla ihop ett stort paket med byggnadsmaterial. - En smal U-formad aluminiumprofil skulle också kunna fungera för att fiska fram kärnan.

När du har fått ut kärnan, är det ett stort hål i stocken i huset. Fundera på om du skall sätta igen det på något sätt. Det är bra att ha en kork med sig.

Increment borers are used by forestry people to analyze the trees' rate of growth. This is an essential instrument if you want to get some samples from old living trees. This type of borer is said not to be very well suited for dry wood. Neither very hard wood is appropriate. (Though read the article about boring in dry wood at the end of this section!)

An increment borer can also be used in old wet wood like a water-soaked log.

The increment borer is used with a long metallic strip, an extractor. (In Sweden sometimes named a spoon.) It is inserted into the borer along the core when the borer is in its innermost position. Press in the extractor to its innermost position inside the borer hole. At the bottom end of the core the extractor tip will now press the core towards the inner walls of the borer and lock it in that position. When turning the borer half a turn backwards the core is then ripped off from the bottom of the hole. If you now turn the borer a full turn forwards the core will be pushed back towards you and you can easily draw it out with the extractor.

Tillväxtborr används av skogsfolk för att de skall kunna se hur fort träden växer. Det är ett viktigt instrument om du vill ta prover från gamla levande träd. Det påstås att denna typ av borr inte lämpar sig för torr ved. Den är inte heller särskilt lämplig för mycket hårda trädslag. (Men läs artikeln om att borra i torrt trä i slutet av det här avsnittet.)

Ett tillväxtborr kan också användas för sura gamla stockar som ligger i sjön.

Tillväxtborret används med en utdragare (ibland kallas den för sked). När borret har skruvats längst in i trädet, sätts utdragaren in i mitten av borret längs den urborrade kärnan. Tryck in utdragaren tills sitt innersta läge. Längst in vid spetsen på borret kommer nu utdragaren att pressa kärnan mot borrets innervägg. Om du då vrider borret ett halvt varv bakåt/utåt kommer kärnan att slitas loss från botten av hålet. Om du sedan vrider in borret ett helt varv kommer kärnan att tryckas mot dig och lossna och du kan lätt dra ut den med utdragaren.


When planning to collect cores, also plan for taking care of them. When building or repairing houses, grooved parts of a board are now and then cut away. (From tongue and groove boards.) I cut them into 30-40 cm long pieces and save them for storing cores in the groove. A long bit of masking tape over the groove keeps the core in place.
När du planerar för att samla in kärnor, planera också för att ta hand om dem. När man bygger och reparerar hus så skär man ibland bort själva sponten från en eller annan bräda. Jag brukar spara de här spontade listerna (frånskären) och kapa upp dem i 30-40 cm långa bitar som jag använder till förvaring av borrkärnor. En lång bit maskeringstejp över spåret i listen håller kärnan på plats.

After you have collected some cores you have to mount them on some sort of wood strip. I prefer something with a cross section like 8 * 20 mm. When the core has dried it is time to glue it towards the strip with wood cement. Use small clamps to keep the core in place.

See that the core is turned the right way with the rings/fibres "standing" on the strip. With laying rings/fibres you get a more diffuse picture when you scan the tree ring pattern with your scanner.

Try to avoid mounting the core twisted. Some cores twist themselves when you let them dry.

When the glue has dried its time for a careful grinding. Use abrasive paper of various grades. The finish should be very high. At last I sometimes use some sort of furniture cream (polish) to make the rings easier to see. (It may be worth to experiment with vaseline when rings are very narrow.) But using a polish may be a hinder to marking (see below) as the surface gets oily.

När du har samlat in några borrkärnor måste du montera dem på en list. Jag brukar använda list med måtten ungefär 8 * 20 millimeter. När kärnan har torkat limmas den fast på listen med trälim. Använd limklämmor för att hålla kärnan på plats.

Se till att kärnan vänds rätt väg när du limmar. Ringarna/fibrerna skall "stå" på listen. Om ringarna/fibrerna i stället ligger ner så får du inte en lika skarp bild av ringmönstret när du scannar provet.

En del kärnor vrider sig när de torkar. Försök att inte få dem monterade på det sättet.

När limmet har torkat är det dags för en noggrann slipning. Använd slippapper av olika grovlek. Den slutliga ytan skall vara alldeles slät. Ibland använder jag möbelpolityr för att ringarna skall synas tydligare. (Det kan vara värt att experimentera med vaselin när ringarna ligger tätt.) Å andra sidan blir det svårare att märka upp provet (se nedan) eftersom ytan blir fet av möbelpolityr.


Now it is time to inspect the rings visually. A microscope like that shown on the picture makes the job easier. (This instrument is also very usable for inspecting other things.)
(This microscope is available from Clas Ohlson in Sweden - www.clasohlson.se)
Nu är det dags att granska provet noggrant. Ett mikroskop av den typ som visas på bilden gör jobbet lättare. (Detta instrument är också användbart för att kika på andra saker.)
(Mikroskopet på bilden kan köpas från Clas Ohlson i Insjön, se www.clasohlson.se)

If you consider buying a scanner, try to get a sample scan from it and see what you get.

On the internet you can find more software, an overview is found at Henri D. Grissino-Mayer's Ultimate Tree Ring Web Pages, see the section "Other sites"!

Today CDendro has provisions for showing both reference and sample curves together on your computer screen. You can even see both the normalized and ring width curves above each other. And you can easily scroll the curves in relation to each other. So there is not much reason any longer to have a light table for curve comparisons.

Om du funderar på att köpa en scanner, försök att få scanna ett prov för att se vad du egentligen får från maskinen.

På internet kan du hitta mer programvara, en översikt finns på Henri D. Grissino-Mayer's Ultimate Tree Ring Web Pages, se avsnittet "Andra sajter"!

Idag kan CDendro visa både referenskurva och kurva från provet plottade över varandra på datorskärmen. Du kan till och med se både de normaliserade kurvorna och ringbreddskurvorna samtidigt bredvid varandra. Du kan också lätt förskjuta kurvorna i relation till varandra. Så du lär inte behöva ett ljusbord för att jämföra kurvor!

I had been told too that using an increment borer did not work with dry wood. Then I talked with a fellow in the village who is running a business of inspecting electricity lines. He told me that all day long he and his assistants are boring with increment borers in poles to find any poles which are rotten inside. So I borrowed a borer from a forest warden and tried boring in some old barns and also up at our loft. It worked very well. Then I bought my own borer (from Mora, 25 cm, Teflon covered). That one I borrowed was older and without Teflon, but it worked as good as the new one - perhaps it was a little bit stiffer to bore with.

I do not know if it depends on the type of borer - which product - but it seldom happens to me that the core gets stuck inside the pipe. Though when it happens I use a stick to press the plug backwards out of the pipe after I have taken the borer out of the block.

Usually the core comes off easily when I use the extractor. But after boring in fresh living pines the pipe sometimes gets very sticky inside. Then a dry core may get stuck inside the pipe. If required I use some CRC 5-56 Lubricant spray (penetrating and anti-corrosion oil) inside the pipe and wipe it clean with a bit of a rag. But doing this is a rare occurence.

The greatest problem is that the core usually falls to pieces. So I have to be careful and see that all pieces are collected in their right order. And also be prepared to discard some unsuccessful borings - already at the boring location - nearly one third of the borings are unsuccessful! Cores taken from very dry wood (from attics in dwelling-houses) or from blocks which are becoming rotten, seem to fall in pieces more often than others.

When boring in hewed blocks or block walls which are a bit mouldered you have to bore at an angle from below to get the wane from the block or to get as much sapwood as possible. Then there are two problems:
one is that after a while the drill handle collides with the wall. Then it is fine to have a wrench with...
the other problem is that when the bore goes through a crack in the wood, then the outer part of the core drops out... So it is fine to anticipate that and put some sort of stopper into the pipe before starting to bore.

Note: My experience of boring in dry wood comes exclusively from boring in spruce and Scotch pine trees which both have quite soft wood compared to e.g. dried oakwood!

Jag hade också hört att det inte skulle gå att borra i torrt trä med tillväxtborr. Men så kom jag att prata med en gubbe i byn, som har ett företag som sysslar med att besiktiga elledningar, och han sade att de dagarna i ända borrar med tillväxtborr i ledningsstolpar för att se om de är ruttna innuti. Så då lånade jag ett borr av en "skogskarl", och prövade i lite ladtimmer och på vinden, och det gick alldeles utmärkt. Då köpte jag ett eget (från Mora 25 cm, teflonbelagt). Det borret jag lånade var äldre och utan teflon, men det fungerade lika bra - lite trögare att borra med, möjligen.

Jag vet inte om det har med borren att göra, fabrikat och så, men jag har sällan haft några problem med att kärnan fastnar i borrpipan. Men någon enstaka gång händer det. Då brukar jag använda en blompinne och trycka ut pluggen framifrån sedan jag skruvat ur borret.

Oftast släpper det fint med hjälp av skeden. Kan hända med mycket tjärigt tallvirke, eller om man just innan borrat mycket färsk tall, så att pipan blivit kladdig, att det kan fastna. Man kan vid behov spreja lite 5-56 (rostlösare/låssprej), i pipan, och om nödvändigt torka ur den med en bit trasa, men det är sällan jag gör sådana åtgärder.

Det största problemen är att proven ur torrt trä brukar falla isär, i flera bitar, så man får vara noga, så att man har kontroll på alla brottstyckena - och vara beredd på att kassera en hel del misslyckade borrningar, redan på platsen (kanske upp emot 30 %). Ur väldigt torrt trä (på vindar i boningshus, t.ex), liksom i trä som börjar ruttna verkar pluggen oftare falla i småbitar.

När man borrar ur bilade eller vittrade timmerväggar, så måste man borra snett nerifrån, för att få med vankanten eller tillräckligt med sammanhängande splintved. Detta kan medföra två problem:
det ena är att handtaget tar i väggen, när man borrat en bit - man borde ha en skiftnycket med sig, men det kommer jag sällan på förrän jag redan står med borren i stocken!
det andra problemet är att om man borrar genom en spricka, så kan ytterdelen av provet lossna och falla ut, eftersom borren lutar. Detta löses genom att man sätter i ett ihopknöklat löv, en liten kvist, eller vad som nu råkar finnas till hands, medan man borrar.

Anmärkning: Min erfarenhet av att borra i torr ved kommer enbart från borrning i gran och tall som har ganska mjuk ved i jämförelse med till exempel torr ek!

Gallery name: Dendrochronological references Dendrokronologiska referenser


More reading and references:

• An Introduction to Tree-Ring Dating by Marvin A. Stokes and Terah L. Smiley. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson 1996. (First printing Chicago 1968.) ISBN 0-8165-1680-4
  
  
• Henri D. Grissino-Mayer's Ultimate Tree Ring Web Pages Here you will find an immense number of references!
  
  
• The International Tree-Ring Data Bank
  Do publish your data at the ITRDB! It can be of great use for other people interested in dendrochronology. My own data from the island of Nämdö in the Stockholm archipelago is published here. We are now three dendro amateurs from Sweden who have published our data at the ITRDB!
  
  
• Torbjörn Axelsons historical and dendro pages in Swedish from Björbo in Dalarna.
  These pages contain some reference curves from his area not yet published at the ITRDB.
  A 500 years long Scotch pine serie from Björbo is now available at the ITRDB.

  Torbörn is moving his page to http://www2.hemsida.net/taxelson/dendro/index.htm I will recommend this site especially for its overview of available reference curves related to the southern middle part of Sweden.
  There are many pictures of old Swedish barns and houses at this site, see e.g. Hey-barns
  
  

• A paper on dating certainty: Anatolian tree-ring studies are untrustworthy by Douglas Keenan. The t-score/worst-incorrect-match-diagrams described by the author are now available within CDendro.
  
  
• PDF-version of
  Spruce Budworms Handbook. Using Dendrochronology To Measure Radial Growth of Defoliated Trees.
  
  
• David Harms Holt: Did Extreme Climate Conditions Stimulate the Migrations of the Germanic Tribes in the 3rd and 4th Centuries AD?
  see especially the section BECKER AND GERMAN DENDROCHRONOLOGY which gives a view on the history of dendrochronology in Germany and the still not-for-everybody-available German oak data.
  
  
  Mer att läsa samt andra referenser:
  • An Introduction to Tree-Ring Dating by Marvin A. Stokes and Terah L. Smiley. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson 1996. (First printing Chicago 1968.) ISBN 0-8165-1680-4
    
    
  • Henri D. Grissino-Mayer's Ultimate Tree Ring Web Pages Här finns otroligt många referenser!
    
    
  • The International Tree-Ring Data Bank
    Publicera dina data på ITRDB! De kan bli till stor användning för andra som är intresserade av dendrokronologi! Mina egna data från Nämdö finns publicerade här. Vi är nu tre amatörer från Sverige som har publicerat våra data i den här databasen!
    
    
  • Torbjörn Axelsons historiska och dendrokronologiska sidor från Björbo i Dalarna.
    Innehåller en del referenskurvor från området vilken ännu inte har publicerats på ITRDB.
    En 500 år lång tall-kurva från Björbo finns nu tillgänglig på ITRDB.

    Torbjörn håller på att flytta sina sidor till http://www2.hemsida.net/taxelson/dendro/index.htm
    Jag vill särskilt rekommendera denna sajt för sin översikt av referenskurvor sett från Mellansveriges horisont!
    Det finns många bilder av gamla svenska lador och hus på sajten, se t ex Hölador.
    
    

  • Ett artikel om säkerhet i dendro-dateringar: Anatolian tree-ring studies are untrustworthy av Douglas Keenan. De diagram över "TTest/värsta-felpassning" som författaren beskriver finns nu tillgängliga i CDendro.
    
    
  • PDF-version of
    Spruce Budworms Handbook. Using Dendrochronology To Measure Radial Growth of Defoliated Trees.
    
    
  • David Harms Holt: Did Extreme Climate Conditions Stimulate the Migrations of the Germanic Tribes in the 3rd and 4th Centuries AD?
    Se speciellt avsnittet BECKER AND GERMAN DENDROCHRONOLOGY som berättar något om dendrokronologin i Tyskland och svårigheterna att få tillgång till dendro-data för tysk ek.
    
    
    
    Gallery name: 1. Simple matching with CDendro 1. Enkel matchning med CDendro
    
    
    

    Use the CooRecorder program to measure the two samples NMBS01.jpg and NMBS05.jpg That's the two look alike logs from the Bergvik house at Nämdö.

    Start measuring from the outermost ring and measure towards the inner part of the tree.

    When you have the coordinate files as your versions of NMBS01.pos and NMBS05.pos stored somewhere, then start CDendro.

    1. Select the command Samples/Open coordinate file. Navigate to the proper directory and click on Nmbs01.pos.

    2.Then hold down the control key and click also on Nmbs05.pos. Then click the Open button.

    Note: You will find the files mentioned here in the directory "demo" in that directory where you have installed CDendro. There you will also find a decadal file with a collection of ring width measurement series from the island of Nämdö covering some 350 years.
    
    
    

    Använd programmet CooRecorder för att mäta upp de två proverna NMBS01.jpg och NMBS05.jpg Det är de två snarlika stockarna från Bergvikshuset på Nämdö.

    Börja mäta från den yttersta ringen och mät in mot trädets kärna.

    Starta CDendro när du har lagrat egna versioner av koordinatfilerna NMBS01.pos och NMBS05.pos

    1. Välj kommandot Samples/Open coordinate file. Leta reda på rätt folder och klicka på Nmbs01.pos.

    2. Håll ner kontroll-tangenten och klicka även på Nmbs05.pos. Klicka sedan på Open.

To see a text report on the matching done, click on the Workbench tab!
Provet Nmbs01 har nu jämförts med referensen Nmbs05. Programmet placerar automatiskt kurvorna över varandra där de passar bäst ihop.
De två övre kurvorna visar normaliserade ringbredder, de två nedre kurvorna visar verkliga ringbredder. Den röda och gröna kurvan tillhör provet Nmbs01, den svarta och blå kurvan tillhör referensen Nmbs05.

För att se en rapport över hur matchningen gick, klicka på fliken "Workbench"! %/

The report window on the Workbench tab shows:

Rapportfönstret visar nu:

Put the curves over each other with their first year (0) overlapping and put the papers on a light table (or towards a window or a lamp) and look through them.
Du kan också skriva ut kurvorna på papper:
Klicka på fliken Workbench och klicka sedan på knappen "Print Curve".
Välj sedan fönstret för det andra provet (referensprovet) och klicka också här på "Print Curve".

Lägg kurvorna ovanpå varandra på ett ljusbord (eller mot ett fönster eller en lampa) så att deras första år (0) överlappar. %/

The process of dating is based on:
Finding two samples which match properly together.
Adding these two together and then finding more samples which match the first two.
There are tools in CDendro today, to make this process automatic or semi-automatic.

Arbetsgången vid datering är baserad på:
Att hitta två prover som passar ihop ordentligt.
Att addera ihop dessa och sedan hitta fler prov som passar ihop med de två första.
Det finns numera verktyg i CDendro som sköter denna arbetsgång automatiskt eller halvautomatiskt.

Open CooRecorder and insert an extra ring below coordinate number 38 as shown in the picture above.
Save the coordinate file as "falsering.pos". (There is already such a file in the demo directory!)

We will now see how this incorrect ring can be detected.
Vi börjar med att sätta in en extra felaktig ring i koordinatfilen Nmbs01.pos

Öppna CooRecorder och sätt in en extra ring under koordinat nummer 38, som på bilden ovan.
Spara koordinatfilen under namnet "falsering.pos". (Det finns redan en färdig sådan fil i demo-foldern!)

Vi skall nu se hur vi kan avslöja denna felaktiga årsring. %/

Klicka högst upp på NMBS01.pos för att göra det till aktuellt (icke skymt) fönster.

Du kan också välja det via "Window" på menyraden som du ser på bilden ovan. Om du föredrar att jobba med maximerade fönster, så är det på det sättet som du skall växla mellan fönster!

Now select the other sample NMBS05.pos and then add also that sample to the collection so you get two samples in the collection! Also this one should have zero offset as we know that the samples are of the same age and they fit together at their beginnings.

Click on the button "Create a sample with width mean values and normalized data"

The report shows how many sample values there are behind the mean value for each year.
There are two years for the first 83 years. Between 84 and 101 there is only one value for each year because there were more ring coordinates in NMBS05.pos than in NMBS01.pos

Let us look at the curve display!

There is still more to be seen, so click in the checkbox "Hide reference"!

This is of course not of much importance here with only two curves behind the sum, but when there are several curves contained in a sum these curves may be of interest. In any case the normalized standard deviation curves are of great value when a sample is compared to a reference.

This summed data can be saved in a file either as normalized data, e.g. in a file with the name NMBS5_1.d12, or as a sequence of ring width mean values - this is very useful when you have measured several different radii from the same log and you want a serie of mean values of ring widths.

But do not save it yet, we will first add one more sample to the collection, and then calculate new mean values.

-------------------------

Click on the button "Select as reference", so we can match the next sample towards this sum-sample.

Then open the next sample file NMBS08.pos!

Please observe that this sample matches best at year 3 in the reference (which was created out of the collection).

Click on the button "Add to target"!

Now, let us look at the collection list!

If you want to delete a member of this group, select it by clicking on it and then hit the Delete member button!

You can also attach a comment to a member: Select it by clicking on it and then hit the Edit button! Here you can also change the offset value.

Save the collection file. Use the name NMBS1_5_8.fil (Click on "Collections" on the menu bar, then "Save collection As"). Then close it.

Close also the other files.

When possible it is best to measure several radii from a tree.
If you want to calculate an average for each ring width from these radii measurements, here is how to do it:

First measure your radii with CooRecorder so you have, say three coordinate files (.pos files)

In CDendro, create a new empty collection with Collections/Create new collection. This will automatically be the target collection.

Use the command "Samples/Open coordinate file" to open your coordinate files - you can do that in one operation if you select all the files in the "Open-window".

Run correlation tests for these files to find out how they match and add them successively to your collection in the same way as described above for the three files from the Bergvik house.

Save the collection as a collection file (.fil extension) as documentation.

Click the button "Create a sample with width mean values and normalized data"

In the new sample window, use the menu command "Samples/Save ring width data as" to get a .wid file with the averaged ring width values - i.e. with mean values of the ring widths.

När det är möjligt är det alltid bäst att mäta flera radier från ett och samma träd.
Om du vill beräkna medelvärdena för dessa ringbredder så gör du så här:

Mät först upp de olika proverna från trädet med CooRecorder så att du har - säg - tre koordinatfiler (.pos-filer).

Skapa en ny tom kollektion i CDendro med menykommandot Collections/Create new collection. Denna blir automatiskt "target collection".

Använd kommandot "Samples/Open coordinate file" för att öppna dina koordinatfiler - du kan göra det i en enda operation om du väljer alla filerna i "Öppna-fönstret".

Kör korrelationstesterna för dessa filer och undersök hur de passar ihop samt addera dem successivt till din kollektion på samma sätt som beskrevs ovan för de tre filerna från Bergvik-huset.

Spara kollektionen som en kollektions-fil (.fil) som dokumentation.

Klicka på knappen "Create a sample with width mean values and normalized data"

I det nya summa-prov-fönstret, använd menykommandot "Samples/Save ring width data as" för att få en .wid-fil med de beräknade medelvärdena av ringbredderna från dina prover.

We will also extend our three-sample reference from Bergvik to the time of today. For this we will use measurements from a 240 year old Scotch pine where the core sample was taken in 1995 and there is bark left at the top of the sample. This sample is named NM051.pos

1. First open the NM051.pos coordinate file.
2. Click on "Set date of youngest ring" and enter 1995 into the year field as shown in the picture above. Click ok!
3. Then select Samples/Save coordinate data to save the file.
4. Then click on the button "Select as reference".

Vi skall också förlänga vår referens (medelvärdet av de tre proverna) från Bergvik till nutid. För detta skall vi använda en uppmätning av en 240 år gammal tall där provet togs med tillväxtborr 1995 och där det finns bark kvar i änden av provet. Detta prov har filnamnet NM051.pos

1. Öppna först koordinatfilen NM051.pos.
2. Klicka på knappen "Set date of youngest ring" (Sätt datum för yngsta årsring) och skriv in årtalet 1995 i fältet såsom visas på bilden ovan. Klicka på ok!
3.  Spara filen (Samples/Save coordinate data).
4. Klicka sedan på knappen "Select as reference" (välj som referens).

From the first correlation analysis you can see that there are two competing datings, one at relative year 120 and one at 198, though that of 198 is only based on 40 years covering each other.

From the block correlation analysis you can see that the first 75 years of the NMBS1_5_8 match very well towards relative year 120 in the the reference NM051.pos.

8. Click on "Correlate single block"! - Here is the result:

That calculation convinced CDendro that this sum-sample can be dated to 1875 so the button "Set date of youngest ring" now says "Proposed year 1875"!
As we are not going to save this dated "sum-sample", we will instead go back and put the dating into our collection file!

Av den första analysen ser du att det finns två konkurrerande dateringar, en vid relativa årtalet 120 och en vid 198. Fast den vid 198 är bara baserad på 40 årsringar som överlappar varandra.

Av den blockbaserade korrelationsanalysen kan du se att de första 75 åren på NMBS1_5_8 passar väl mot det relativa året 120 i referensen NM051.pos

8. Klicka på "Correlate single block"! - Här är resultatet:

Den beräkningen övertygade CDendro om att detta summa-prov kan dateras till 1875 så på knappen "Set date of youngest ring" står det nu "Proposed year 1875"!
Eftersom vi inte skall spara detta "summa-prov" så går vi i stället tillbaks till vår kollektion och sätter in årtalet där!

You can save data from a collection file into a Decadal file.

You can also create a reference curve from a big Decadal file. I.e. you can create a normalized sum-file from a Decadal (like you can do from a collection file).

Exercise:
Open your collection file "fourfiles.fil" and write it back as a Decadal file. Save it as "fourfiles.rwl".
Close the collection file.

Du kan spara data från en grupp (collection) som en decadal-fil.

Du kan också skapa en referenskurva ur en stor decadal-fil. Dvs du kan skapa en normaliserad summa-fil ur en decadal-fil (precis som du kan göra det från en grupp-fil (collection).

Övning:
Öppna din grupp-fil "fourfiles.fil" och spara den som en decadal-fil. Spara den under namnet "fourfiles.rwl".
Stäng grupp-filen.

Click on Samples on the menu bar. Then click on "Select from decadal file"

Open the decadal file "fourfiles.rwl" which you saved a moment ago.

Klicka på "Samples" på menyraden. Klicka sedan på "Select from decadal file".

Öppna decadal-filen "fourfiles.rwl" som du nyss sparade.

A normal type of sample window will pop up. Close the window for selecting from the decadal file by clicking on Exit.

You can save the extracted data as either
a decadal file with only one member (.rwl),
a ring width file (.wid) or
a normalized file (.d12)
Just click on "Samples" on the menu bar and select the proper alternative from the drop down menu.

Den vanliga typen av prov-fönster kommer att hoppa fram. Stäng fönstret för val ur decadal-filen genom att klicka på Exit.

Du kan spara extraherade data antingen
som en decadal-fil med bara en enda medlem (.dec), eller
som en ringbreddsfil (.wid) eller
som en normaliserad fil (.d12)
Klicka bara på "Samples" på menyraden och välj rätt alternativ i den nedfällda menyn.

Note: Detrending options for this command can be set at Settings/More settings.

Note: For a description of the detrending mechanisms, see the section "Whats's new in CDendro?".

Klicka på Collections/Create new collection för att skapa en ny tom grupp!
Den nya gruppen blir automatiskt målgrupp.

Den här gången skall vi lägga ihop prover ur samma stock. Då vill vi inte ha någon "deTrend"-mekanism invald. Knappen för No deTrending är förvald, så du behöver inte göra något nu.

När du lägga samman prover ur olika stockar så är det bäst att koppla in antingen "NegExp for detrend" eller "Heavy detrending".

För en beskrivning av detrend-mekanismerna, se avsnittet "What's new in CDendro?".

Click Collections/Add to this collection and navigate to the NMVK directory under the demo directory where CDendro was installed.
Select all three NMVK14 coordinate files and click open.
(Click on NMVK14A.pos, then hold down the shift key and klick on NMVK14C.pos! Then release the shift key and Click on open!)

The three files are now added to the target collection, but they all have the same "starting point" in time (0) - this is wrong and we have to fix it.

We will now use a semi-automatic method to successively add matching files to a new empty collection. This time we have only three files, but we can work the same way with many more files to match together!

We start by doing a cross correlation to see how well these files fit together.

Click on the button "Find cross correlations"!
Check all the five boxes in the options window which pops up and click ok.

The cross correlation table becomes quite large and vast when there are many members in the collection, so the best matching samples are listed at the end of the table.

This looks fine, so let's get a new empty collection to copy our samples to but then with proper offsets.

Click on Collections/Create new collection! The new collection will automatically be the target and it will float up on top of the three-file NMVK14 collection.

Click on the top of the NMVK14 collection to make it the current window again!

Click on the button "Add best members to target collection"!

Now, CDendro uses the cross correlations to select the best pair of matching samples. One is automatically added to the target collection and the other is presented to you as a candidate for addition to the target collection.
Click OK!

What is already in the target collection is now normalized and averaged and handled as a reference curve. Though this time it is based on only one single sample (not much average...).

The candidate sample window automatically pops up with its diagram together with the reference curve.
You have to decide if this is a good match or not!
Click the button "Add to target collection" and accept "-1" in the offset popup window!
Close the sample window!

Now we are back at the original collection where two samples are already copied to the target collection.
Notice that those two old candidate samples are now unchecked which implies that CDendro will not care about them when searching for the best matching sample.

Click the button "Add best members to target collection" again"!
You will be presented with the last candidate.

Inspect the curves and add the sample to the target (offset will be 5) as we did above!

Close the sample window!

Then close also the collection with our three misplaced samples - you do not need to save it!

Granska kurvorna och addera den nya kandidaten till målgruppen (förskjutningen/offset blir den här gången 5) på samma sätt som förut.

Stäng fönstret för provet!

Stäng sedan också fönstret för gruppen med våra tre felplacerade prover - du behöver inte spara det!

This is what is left: Our target collection, now filled with our three samples at their right offsets!

Click Collections/Save collection As and save the collection as a file to document what we have done!

This time we matched only three files together. But this process of matching curves works well with many files as long as the curves match each other quite well.

Let's finish the job of making a ring width mean value serie for our NMVK14 log:
Click on "Create a sample with width mean values and normalized data"!
This will update the normalized sum sample window, but you then have to click on the top of that window to make it float up!

Click on the tab Display curve and inspect the resulting curves!
The ring width mean values are at the bottom of the diagram.

Klicka på fliken "Display curve" och granska kurvorna!
Medelvärden av ringbredder visas i nedre delen av diagrammet.

Detta får tills vidare bli en engelsk språkövning för mina svenskspråkiga läsare!

There is a marked match at relative year 313 with a correlation value of 0.80
The next best match is down at 0.31.
The difference between the best match and the next best match (BNDiff) is 0.49.

This seems to be an obvious match - and surely it is!

  237  0.31   90
   43  0.31   90
  275  0.30   90
  279  0.26   90
  143  0.26   90

We cannot honestly say that this looks like a hit especially with that no difference in correlation value between the best and the next best match.

So we have to say "we cannot date that sample"!

This does not look as a good match, but it is nevertheless the best with the difference between the best and next best value at BNDiff = 0.06

Later we extend our reference curve and then we find the actual match as shown above.

How to know
where to set the thresholds for correlation value and BNDiff
to be sure that our datings can be trusted?

If we compare the whole Nämdö reference of 400 years towards that of Torne Träsk of 1500 years we have a correlation value of only 0.02 at the dating years, though the best matching points with both curves covering each other have correlation values around 0.17.

For the rest of this demonstration, we will use three collections of samples which you can download from the ITRDB:
swed019w.rwl (Torne Träsk), swed302.rwl (Nämdö) and swed022w.rwl (Gotland).

In Settings/Options for normalization and matching, see that the Blocklength is set at 100, that the block distance is at 20 and that the Least overlap in years... is set at 100.

Use the command Collections/Create reference curve from big decadal file to open the file swed019w.rwl
Select it as the reference curve.

Use the command Collections/Create new collection from decadal file to open the file swed302.rwl

To uncheck those samples shorter than 100 years, click the command Collections/Uncheck too short samples

See that "With block checking" is checked and click the button "Test towards reference".
At the end of the report you will get this table:

The top half-table shows matches grouped by correlation values.
The "0.50 column" tells that two blocks matched the reference curve with correlation values in the range 0.50-0.55 and with a difference between best and next best correlation values around 0.13.
Surely this could easily have been mistaken as a dating!

The bottom half-table shows matches grouped by difference between best and next best correlation values (BNDiff).
The "0.10 column" has matches with a BNDiff in the intervall 0.10-0.15.
In this group we have 8 out of 148 tested blocks, with a mean correlation value of 0.46.
The highest correlation value found in this group was 0.52
These are all incorrect dating proposals!

If the Torne Träsk curve had been longer, we had probably seen even more matches with quite high correlation values and high BNDiff values.

This means: If we only accept "datings" with a correlation value higher than 0.50 we will have few incorrect datings if the length of our samples are at least 100 years. Then we can expect the BNDiff value to be above 0.15.

If our reference curve is short, we may find incorrect dating proposals like this with the same correlation value but with much higher BNDiff, as the chance of finding another quite good match is probably proportional to the length of the reference curve. So we cannot rely only on a high BNDiff. Though when we know that the dating of our sample surely falls within the range of the reference curve, then the BNDiff value is an important indicator.

Note: The tables above are only printed when With block checking is ON (is checked)!

with a 150 years long block, the correlation value for best match goes down for this sample:
 303  0.43  150 (1677)
 424  0.34  150 (1556)
1260  0.32  150       
1298  0.28  150       
 852  0.28  150       

I.e. short samples give quite high correlation values though they are incorrect datings!

A low BNDiff value connected with a match is a good indicator that something is wrong with that matching.

This indicates that only 11% of our 100 years long blocks from Nämdö can be dated towards this "nearby-curve" from Gotland.

The only way to get better dating in this case is to have several samples from Nämdö, match these together into quite a long sum-curve and correlate that towards the Gotland curve.

To see how this works:
1. Select the command Collections/Create new collection
2. Click the button "Create a sample with width mean values and normalized data" in the Nämdö (swed302) collection.
3. Save that "sum-sample" as swed302.d12  (Samples/Save normalized data As)
4. Click the button Add to target collection and accept 0 as the offset.
5. Close the swed302.d12 window.
6. Set the block distance to 10 in Settings/Options for normalization and matching
7. In the new target collection, see that With block checking is checked and click the button Test towards reference

We have created a sum-curve from Nämdö and correlated 100 years long blocks from that curve towards the Gotland curve.
91% of these blocks were datable towards the Gotland curve with correlation values above 0.50 and with lowest BNDiff at 0.12.

Compare that 90% to those only 11% of single 100 years long samples/blocks being datable!

Correct datings usually have a correlation value above 0.5 and a TTest value mostly above 6.

These curves reveal something more: The oldest 190 years of the 400 year long Nämdö curve matches much better towards the Gotland curve (TTest= 9-10) than the more recent data. I do not know what this comes from. One interpretation is that the more recent data from Gotland is based on a very local population of trees - to be understood as a broader selection of Gotland samples would match better towards the Nämdö data - but this is only a speculation.

Let us check the limits for that way of doing dating!

We will run blocks from the sum of the Nämdö curve towards the Torne Träsk curve and see how many incorrect dating proposals we get at two different block lenghts - 100 years and 150 years.

1. Click the Torne Träsk curve (swed019w.d12) and select it as the reference.

2. See that blocklength and overlap is set to 100 and blockdistance at 10 in Settings/Options for normalization...

3.Click the target collection. See that With block checking is checked.

4.Click the Test towards reference button.

A note on the normalization algorithm: All values shown above are based on correlation calculations on normalized growth curves which are created with the default normalization algorithm in CDendro, i.e. "proportion of last two years growth", see "Settings/Options for normalization and matching".

If you use another algorithm to create normalized growth curves, you will not get the same correlation values as shown above.

Gallery name: %%eRebuilding a collection

Note: If the pictures in this lesson are too wide for your screen, please click on the link "Open frame in new window" found at the top right of this window!

Note: There are a number of small boxes for correlation of a block and even for extracting it at the left bottom of the picture above.
2 shows the correlation for the whole sample. 3 shows the position of a block to be studied.
Click the Enter key within that box when you have changed the value or click the number 4 button to update the correlation value 5 for the block.
Click on button number 6 to extract the block (the first part of the sample) to a separate window, which you can save in a file and then add to the target collection.

To calculate how bad the tail matches: Set the block start at 227, the block End to 263 and press the Enter key. The correlation value is calculated to only 0.21!

How to cancel misplaced point-chains: If your last chain of points contained too many misplaced points you can easily cancel them all by clicking the menu command "More/Cancel latest auto placed points (C)". This command is also available through the C-key on your keyboard. You can press it several times to remove previous chains.

Tip: Use the N-key to toggle showing of point numbers.

Tuning can be done in two ways:

1. Tuning for the earlywood and latewood shades.
   Click the menu command "More/Tune auto place mechanism to background of this image".
   Then click on two nearby points along a line where you want to automatically place your border points.
   The two points should enclose at least the length of the widest ring along the line.
   
   
2. Filtering out grainy areas when going from latewood into earlywood of the same growth season.
   There is often a zone of thin dark stripes or irregularities in the wood in the transition area between earlywood and latewood of the same growth season. Such areas can be discarded by defining the width of a narrow zone along the borders within which anomalies in the wood are ignored:
   Click on "Settings/Color and decimal settings etc".
   Set an appropriate pixel-width to "Auto-place and earlywood: Lowest width of earlywood in pixels:"

   The value depends on the dpi resolution of your image and of the character of your wood. If your samples typically have very thin rings you need a low value like the default 20 pixels. If your samples have typically very wide rings you can set the value much higher.

   How to see pixel values: If you change the DPI-value-setting of your picture to 25.4 the small frame "Current coordinates..." to the left will show actual pixel-based coordinates for your image. Do not forget to restore the dpi-value to that used by your scanner when you are ready. Otherwise your .pos file will not be correctly written!
   
   
   
   Gallery name: %%eBuy the CDendro and CooRecorder programs%%sKöpa programmen CDendro och CooRecorder
   
   
   

   The price for CDendro + CooRecorder TOGETHER is 68 US$ or 51 Euro (excl any VAT if applicable)

   You can order this program set from the US company Emetrix who is my distributor. You can pay by card (VISA etc).
   If you prefer not to send your card number over the internet, you can fill in a form and fax it to Emetrix - you can even call them and order by phone. See "Other ordering options" at the bottom of the second page of the ordering form in the link below.

   When  you have ordered CDendro+CooRecorder you will receive an email with a download-link to the installation program. When paying by card this is normally a very quick and automatic process!

   Purchase CDendro+CooRecorder from Emetrix

   If you live in Sweden, you can pay by postgiro! For details see the Swedish version of this page!

   If there is anything unclear, please email me! (See address at the very bottom of this page.)

   Regards/Lars-Åke Larsson
   Cybis Elektronik & Data AB, Sweden
   
   
   

   CDendro och CooRecorder kostar tillsammans 68 US$ eller 51 Euro (exkl moms)
   eller 570 SEK inkl moms

   Du kan beställa programmen antingen via postgiro i Sverige eller från det amerikanska företaget Emetrix som är vår återförsäljare.

   Enklast betalar du Emetrix med kreditkort. Vill du inte uppge kortnummer över internet så kan du fylla i ett orderformulär med beställning och kortnummer och faxa det till Emetrix. Du kan även ringa till Emetrix och uppge ditt kortnummer per telefon. Se "Other ordering options" längst ner på andra sidan av beställningsformuläret i länken här nedan!

   När du har betalt får du ett tackbrev med en länk till installationsprogrammet så att du kan ladda ner det. Den här hanteringen sköts automatiskt och brukar gå snabbt!

3. Köpa CDendro+CooRecorder från Emetrix

4. Postgiro i Sverige: Om du bor i Sverige kan du i stället betala 570 SEK (inkl moms) till vårt postgirokonto 15 45 93-8 Cybis Elektronik & Data AB. Glöm inte att ange email-adress på betalningen!

   Om något är oklart, skriv gärna till mig och fråga! (Adress allra längst ner på den här sidan.)

   Med vänliga hälsningar/Lars-Åke Larsson
   Cybis Elektronik & Data AB
   
   
   
   
   

   TRIAL versions of CDendro and CooRecorder

   Both programs are available as 30 days TRIAL versions. Though these are not fully functional as CooRecorderTRIAL can only save coordinates for at most  60 ring coordinates and CDendro can only show 120 year long diagrams. Points placed with the tool for automatic detection of ringborders in CooRecorder cannot be saved. Moreover, CDendroTRIAL cannot save collections of samples in decadal/Tucson format. Each program does not cost more than a book... - so why not buy the complete package at once.

   Downloading the TRIAL-versions of CDendro+CooRecorder
   Download the TRIAL versions of CDendro+CooRecorder (4.1 MB) (Current updated version of March 30 2005)

   Installation:When you have downloaded the installation program, use Windows Explorer to

   1. Check and see that the downloaded file has ".exe" at the end of the file name (your Windows settings may prevent you from saving a downloaded file with that extension)
   2. double-click on the file name to start the installation program and follow the instructions.
   
   
   

   "Prova-på"-versioner av CDendro och CooRecorder

   Båda programmen finns som 30 dagars TRIAL ("prova på") versioner. Som TRIAL-versioner är de dock begränsade i det att CooRecorderTRIAL bara kan användas att spara koordinater från högst 60 årsringar och CDendroTRIAL kan visa plot-diagram med högst 120 år. Punkter, som skapats genom automatisk uppmätning i CooRecorder, kan inte sparas. CDendroTRIAL kan inte heller skriva ut prov-kollektioner i dataformatet Decadal/Tucson. Vardera programmet kostar inte mer än en bok... - så varför inte slå till och köpa det fullständiga programpaketet på en gång.

   Nedladdning av TRIAL-versioner av CDendro+CooRecorder
   Ladda ner "prova-på"-versioner av CDendro+CooRecorder (4.1 MB) (Aktuell uppdaterad version 30 mars 2005)

   Installation: När du har laddat ner installations-programmet, använd Windows Explorer (Utforskaren) för att

   1. kontrollera och se till att filnamnet verkligen slutar på ".exe" (dina inställningar i Windows kan hindra dig från att spara en nedladdade fil med ett namn som slutar på ".exe")
   2. dubbelklicka på filnamnet för att starta installationsprogrammet och följ anvisningarna.
   
     
   
   
   Gallery name: %%eDownload help text files for CDendro and CooRecorder%%sLadda ner hjälptextfiler för CDendro och CooRecorder
   
   
   
   

   This section on dendrochronology at www.cybis.se is available as a package of html-files. You can download this help package and install it in your PC to be accessed as help from the CDendro program.

   To download, the help files, click on CDendro help files. 7.3 MByte

   Install the help by executing the downloaded file CDendroHELPInstall.exe.

   You can access the help files through the Help menu command i CDendro. Of course you can as well open the files with your standard internet browser, e.g. MS Internet Explorer.

   Default installation will install the "starting document" as
   C:Program FilesCybiscdendroHelpindex.htm
   
   
   
   

   Den här avdelningen om dendrokronologi vid www.cybis.se finns som en paketerad grupp html-filer som du kan ladda ner till din dator och öppna i programmet CDendro.

   För att ladda ner hjälptextfilerna, klicka på CDendro help files. 7.3 MByte

   Installera hjälptexterna genom att starta den nedladdade programfilen CDendroHELPInstall.exe

   Du kan öppna hjälptextfilerna via kommandot Help i CDendro, men du kan naturligtvis också öppna och läsa dem direkt från din vanliga internet-läsare t ex MS Internet Explorer.

   Med standardinställning vid installationen lagras "startdokumentet" som
   C:Program FilesCybiscdendroHelpindex.htm
   
   
   
   Gallery name: %%eOld Scotch Pine trees at the island of Nämdö%%sGamla tallar på Nämdö
   
   
   These photos show old Scotch Pine trees still growing on the island of Nämdö in the Stockholm archipelago. Such old trees are usually found at inaccessible places like very rocky or marshy ground on the inner part of the island where they have been left from forestry.
   Dessa bilder visar gamla tallar som finns på Nämdö i Stockholms skärgård. Sådana gamla träd finns oftast i bergig eller sumpig terräng där träden har undgått skogsbrukets insatser.
   
   
   

   The pictures above show the oldiest guy found... born around 1582...
   These photos were taken in the summer of 1997. The tree was then 416 years old.
   Bilderna ovan visar den gamle... född några år före 1582...
   Bilderna är tagna sommaren 1997 då trädet var 416 år gammalt.
   
   
   330 years (NM063)
   330 år (NM063)
   
   
   330 years (NM063)
   330 år (NM063)
   
   
   364 years, 1632 NM002
   346 år, 1632 NM002
   
   350 år (NM005)
   
   
   250 years (NM051)
   250 år (NM051)
   
   
   250 years (NM051)
   250 år (NM051)
   
   Gallery name: %%eTips about CooRecorder and CDendro%%sTips om CooRecorder och CDendro
   
   Using a .rwl file vs a .fil file for a collection

   Question: I have created my collections as .fil files. When and why should I have them stored in .rwl files?

   The .fil file format allows me to collect a number of different coordinate (or ring width) files and relate them to each other with their offsets after crossdating. When finding errors I can easily change the inner content of a coordinate file without affecting its membership in the collection. I can backup my whole datastructure on a CD to keep in an archive. So why should I use .rwl files?

   Answer: The answer is "communication" both with other projects of yours and communication with collegues and for publishing in the ITRDB.

   When you open a .fil collection with 50 member files, the program looks up all these files. If you have changed the beginning of any file, that file will not be crossdated correctly to the rest of the collection. If files have been moved to another directory (that can certainly happen after two years) the collection will not open as expected.

   If you move the collection to another directory, you need to have all your coordinate files placed around it as before to be able to open the collection.

   On the other hand, if you Write the collection as decadal file that file will be a self-contained entity. All tree ring data is within it. You can send it anywhere, you can copy it, you can do what you like. Data will not get lost. And still you can manipulate the members. Though you do not have the coordinate information and images available for update. But that is usually not necessary during a later stage of a project or when a reference is being "just used".

   As a bonus, opening a .rwl file is much faster than opening a .fil file, which matters for big collections especially when you only want to create a mean value of the collection.
   Example: The command "Test towards rest of collection" takes 27 seconds to run on my machine for a 50 member-collection with .pos and .wid -files. When run with the members in one single .rwl file it takes only 4 seconds!

   March 14 2005
   
   Printing Workbench correlation reports and reports on collection properties

   Question: I have not been able to find a good way to get the reports to print out so that the columns are lined up.  I can right click on the report and it will print correctly (which is very convenient) but it will only print the portion of the report that is visible and the part that is not visible is not printed.

   Answer:

   Reports in a collection's report frame:
   Use the menu command: Collections/Save collection report As (.txt or .htm) to store the report in a separate file. This can be edited or printed from MS Word.

   You can also use a Copy-text/Paste-text operation if you first paste into the Notepad program or a source code text editor like Lugaru's Epsilon. If then copied from that program and pasted into e.g. Wordpad or MS Word using a Courier typeface, the result looks  fine.

   Correlation reports created from the "Workbench" of a sample:
   Select the text, copy it (Ctrl-C) and Paste (Ctrl-V) it into e.g. the MS Word editor. See that a font with fixed width is selected, e.g. Courier.

   To select ALL text: Click to the left on the top line of the report.
   Scroll down to the end of the report. Press the shift-key and hold it down and click after the end of the last line. The whole report text then lights up, i.e. it is selected! Press Ctrl-C to copy it!

   March 14 2005
   
   Printing the documentation

   Here is a bit of correspondence with a new CDendro user who asked how to print the documentation. He wanted to take it with as "light reading" on a journey.

   Question: I am attempting to print off the help files but I am experiencing extreme difficulty in getting the information onto an A4 sheet size ..... the text and graphs are off page to the right and even when I change the margins the text remains the same. ... Any suggestions please.

   Excerpt from my reply: The help text is available either at my site or if installed in your machine at
   C:Program FilesCybiscdendroHelpindex.htm

   You can read the text on your screen directly through your normal browser. You can open the help text from CDendro - in that case CDendro opens the help files through Internet Explorer.
   To get the widest possible printout it is best to right-click an item (chapter) in the left column to open it in a separate new window.
   As you have found out Internet Explorer is not good at printing the content of a web site. So the result is not too good....  But there is a solution which I think you should try - it works!

   Use the new Mozilla Firefox browser! You can download it for free from: http://www.mozilla.org/products/firefox/

   In Firefox printing is available from the top menu through the commands File/Print preview and File/Print. The result is very readable though the page breaks occure where they are... Anyhow it works and all text is actually printed!

   Firefox has another browsing function which I do like heavily:
   Many sites on the net are made with very small fonts - I do have problem to read the text. In Firefox you can click the "Ctrl +" key to make the text instantly bigger without changing any other settings. And make it smaller with "Ctrl -".
   Best use the control key in combination with the + and - keys to the very right of your keyboard.

   There is a drawback with Firefox, it does not work on all sites, especially not at my internet bank.
   So still I have to use Internet Explorer for some sites.
   
   
   CooRecorder - Ergonomical aspects

   Plotting sideways.
   I get tired in my right arm and shoulder by moving my hand backwards and forwards with the mouse during a long time. I have found that it makes much less strain to me when I move my right hand SIDEWAYS. So when measuring a long dendro sample I find best to have the "measuring line" oriented horizontally on the screen.

   Use optical mouse.
   An optical mouse works much better than a mechanical one with a ball rolling on your table. An optical mouse gives you a lot of comfort!

   Arrow keys to scroll.
   To make scrolling the picture without using the mouse, you can use the arrow keys!

   Click with a keyboard key instead of using the mouse button.
   I also get tired in my right hand by clicking with the left mouse button on that many new coordinates. The command Settings/Key binding gives you a way of defining which keyboard key to be used as a synonym of the left button mouse key. I prefer to use the right shift key for this as it sits near the arrow keys on my keyboard. So I position the cursor with the mouse in my right hand, and click the coordinates on the keyboard with my left hand and I can quickly scroll using the arrow keys.

   This way of clicking coordinates works much faster than clicking on the mouse!!!

   Right-click to enter group mode
   The right button of the mouse is bound to the button for switching recording modes i.e. from/to group recording. See the section "A trick for dendro data" in the CooRecorder help text. By right-clicking on the mouse you can quickly shift recording mode to change the starting point for your next sequence of coordinate points.
   CooRecorder:
   Ergonomiska synpunkter
   
   Registrering sidledes.
   Jag blir trött i högra armen och i axeln av att sitta länge och röra handen fram och tillbaks med musen. Jag har upptäckt att det är mycket mindre påfrestande att röra armen och handen SIDLEDES. Så om jag skall mäta ett långt dendro-prov så tycker jag att det är bäst om "mätlinjen" ligger horisontellt på skärmen!

   Använd optisk mus.
   En optisk mus fungerar mycket bättre än en mekanisk mus med en kula som skall rulla på ditt skrivbord. Det är mycket bekvämare att använda optisk mus!

   Piltangenter för att scrolla bilden.
   För att scrolla bilden kan du nu använda piltangenterna i stället för musen!

   Klicka på tangentbordet i stället för med musen!
   Jag blir trött i handen av att sitta länge och klicka på musens vänsterknapp vid registrering av koordinater. Med kommandot Settings/Key binding kan du kopla en tangent på tangentbordet att användas på samma sätt som den vänstra musknappen. Jag använder helst den högra skift-tangenten därför att den sitter alldeles intill piltangenterna som jag använder för att scrolla. - Jag flyttar alltså markören/cursorn med den högra handen till rätt ställe på skärmen och klickar sedan med min vänstra hand på tangentbordet. Och jag kan lätt scrolla genom att klicka på piltangenterna.

   Det här sättet att registrera går mycket fortare än när man klickar med musen!!!

   Högerklicka för att gå över till grupp-mode
   Högerknappen på musen är nu knuten till knappen för att byta registreringsmode, dvs från/till gruppregistrering. Se avsnittet "A trick for dendro data" i hjälptexten till CooRecorder. Genom att högerklicka på musen kan du kvickt byta registreringsmode för att flytta utgångspunkten för nästa följd av koordinatpunkter.
   
   
   

   CDendro

   Standard deviations
   When you click on the button "Create a sample with width mean values and normalized data" both a ring width mean value curve and data and a normalized curve and data are created. Also the standard deviations are calculated and displayed when there is no other active reference (which normally is shown together with your sample curve). If there is another reference you can click in the checkbox "Disconnect reference" to see the standard deviation curves laying on each side of both mean value curves.
   
   

   Decadal files:

   CDendro can now read decadal files with the "-999" flag for missing ring data. According to Henri D. Grissino-Mayer, this is not an established standard, but it is nevertheless used by Dr. Schweingruber's laboratory. In this case CDendro will handle the correlation analysis as if the missing data are there, but the algorithm does not "punish" the lack of data for these years.
   

   CDendro

   Standardavvikelser
   När du klickar på knappen "Create a sample with width mean values and normalized data" så skapas både en medelvärdeskurva för ringbredder och en normaliserad medelvärdeskurva. Även standardavvikelserna beräknas och visas försåvitt det inte finns någon aktiv referens (som ju normalt visas tillsammans med din kurva). Om det finns en sådan referens kan du klicka i den lilla rutan för "Disconnect reference" så kan du se standardavvikelserna för den framräknade kurvan som då ligger på vardera sidan om dina nya medelvärdeskurvor.
   
   

   Decadal-filer:

   CDendro kan nu läsa decadal-filer med markeringen "-999" för saknade årsringsdata. Enligt Henri D. Grissino-Mayer är detta inte en etablerad standard, men den används vid Dr. Schweingruber's laboratorium. I sådana fall kommer CDendro att utföra korrelationsanalysen som om de saknade data vore där, men algoritmen kommer inte att "straffa" avsaknad av ringbreddsdata för sådana år.
   
   
   

   The diagram shows how missing ring data is plotted in CDendro.
   The correlation value for this sample towards the reference curve is 0.71.

   Note:There is still no support in CooRecorder and CDendro for registering missing ring data or for handling such data from a coordinate file (.pos file). Though if it comes as zero values from a .wid file (ring width file) it will be handled in the same way as when read as -999 from a decadal file.
   

   Diagrammet visar hur avsaknad av ringbreddsdata plottas i CDendro.
   Korrelationsvärdet för detta prov mot referenskurvan är 0.71.

   Anmärkning:Det finns ännu ingen understöd i CooRecorder eller CDendro för att registrera saknade ringbreddsdata eller för att hantera sådana data i en koordinat-fil (.pos fil). Fast om data kommer in som noll-värden från en .wid-fil (ringbreddsfil) kommer de att hanteras på samma sätt som när de läses som -999 från en decadal-fil.
   
   Gallery name: What´s new in CDendro and CooRecorder?
   
   

   CDendro - a short presentation
   CDendro is intended to help you with the job of crossdating wood samples towards each other!
   I.e. to make you know when a couple of trunks were cut in the forest.
   If you are interested in local history and want to find out when your old house was built or want to map out when various houses and other timber constructions in  your neighbourhood were built - then CDendro is for you!

   CDendro and its companion program CooRecorder for measuments are affordable - each of them does not cost more than a book!
   On this site you will find adequate information to start dating wood!

   If  you are new to tree ring dating and have not yet used CDendro, please start by reading the section on "Dendrochronology, curve matching and mathematics".

   
   
   
   

   New features in CDendro version 5:

   
   
   TTest/T-score values available
   
   
   The TTest value is based on the correlation value but it also takes into account that a match with a short overlap is less worth than a match with a longer overlap when correlation values are the same. Matches can now be sorted in order of best TTest values.
   The availability of TTest values in this version of CDendro is a major new feature!
   
   
   
   Find match despite a missing ring
   
   "Find match despite a missing ring" is a new button which will find matches even when there is a missing or extra ring in your measurements!
   
   
   Easier to see where a block makes a sample actually match.
   
   

   Blockwise correlations now prints "Sets sample to" for all potential block matches.

   
   
   CDendro is faster!
   Correlation calculations are now nearly three times as fast as in the previous version.
   
   Help texts now available with the program.
   
   Help can be downloaded and installed separately.
   Finally an end of the waiting for pictures to load from this site when you have a slow internet connection.
   
   More normalization algorithms implemented
   
   You choose which normalization algorithm to use!

   Normalizations before correlation is based on dividing the ring width value of a current year with some mean value of the values in a frame around the current year. You can switch in the Baillie/Pilcher method, the Holstein method or the old CDendro method (Proportion of last two years).

   
   
   Gleichläufigkeit now available
   
   A year ago a user asked me for values of Gleichläufigkeit - so here they come.

   As you can see in the example above an incorrect dating may easily have a higher Gleichläufigkeit value than the correct dating.
   Typically this occurs when comparing a log from one area to a reference curve from - not the same but - a neighbour area.

   In discussions, I have met people who defend the Gleichläufigkeit values and pretend they are a good complement to other values.
   Gleichläufigkeit values are now available within CDendro so you can build your own opinion of its usefulness - or unusefulness!
   You can turn on Gleichläufigkeit calculations in the panel "Options for normalization of ring widths and for matching".
   If you do not use it, turn it off!!!

   Here is a citation from a paper by Douglas Keenan (see the section on Other sites):

   Another statistical method used in tree-ring matching relies on what I will call "g-scores" 1). The g-score is the proportion (or percentage) of years in which the two trees ring widths increased or decreased together (i.e. increased or decreased from the prior year). This method thus ignores the size of the increase or decrease. Because it ignores so much information, the g-score method might be expected to be less reliable than the t-score method [TTEST in CDendro]. Experience at Hohenheim, Germany, where g-scores were previously used, seems to support this: matches were thrice found to be in error, each time after strong assertions of reliability [Baillie, 1995: ch.2; Spurk et al., 1998]. Early trials in Ireland also indicated problems, and the method was abandoned there [Baillie, 1982: p.81–82,95]. Other testing found very high g-scores for matches known to be incorrect [Schweingruber, 1989: p.77]. In the pre-computer age, though, g-scores had one advantage: being easy to calculate. They are still sometimes used, perhaps out of habit.

   1) The g-score is commonly called "Gleichläufigkeit" [Schweingruber, 1989] or "trend".

   An exact description on calculating Gleichläufigkeit is found in the reference "BECKER AND GERMAN DENDROCHONOLOGY", see the section on Other sites.
   
   

   CDendro can now read even more decadal format variants
   
   

   CDendro can now read still more oddly formatted decadal/Tucson files like CORING .rwl files created from .cat-files as above.

   
   
   Actual years can now be printed in the diagram.
   Height of diagram can be made smaller or higher.
   
   

   Actual dating year numbers can now be printed in the plotted diagrams.

   The height of the plot diagrams can be adjusted as you like it. If you work with several samples open at the same time (=many windows), you may want to have not so high diagrams to avoid filling up the screen.

   
   
   The correlation value for the marked-out part of a sample is shown in a small textbox.
   That part of the sample can be copied to a separate sample window.
   
   A part (block) of a sample can be separately marked-out with a starting point and an end point.
   The correlation value and overlap for that part is then shown in a separate textbox.

   The marked-out part of the sample can be copied into a new sample window. This is a quick way to remove a mismatching end of a sample.

   
   
   

   Detrending of ring width curves

   The innermost ring widths of a tree are usually also the widest ring widths of that tree.
   Detrending of a ring width curve is the process of modifying the curve to remove the effects of tree aging from the ring width data. This detrending also includes a scaling of the ring width curve to compensate for the effects of rich or poor soil.

   A detrended curve contains information about climate history, a matter which is in focus of today's research.
   Though not only climate history is comprised in a detrended ring width curve!

   If many trees are removed from a forest then the resulting increase in growth for those trees left can easily be mistaken as being the result of a sequence of warm and rainy summers.
   If many trees are attacked by insects or fungi the growth rate goes down. This can later be incorrectly understood as the result of a sequence of very cold summers.
   You have good reasons to be suspicious when you interpret a ring width curve. There may be unexpected causes behind a change!

   You can use the new detrending mechanims in CDendro to get a grasp of how your trees have grown. The detrended ring width curves may help you with crossdating.

   
   
   

   In principle, the detrending of a ring width curve is done by dividing each ring width value with the mean width ring value of the whole tree.
   This calculation makes growth curves from different trees comparable though their mean ring width values differ greatly because of different growth conditions.

   
   
   If the innermost rings of a tree are wider than the outer rings, then a negative exponentially curve is fitted to the ring width curve. Each ring width is then divided by the corresponding value of that curve.
   This will compensate for the decrease in growth related to aging.
   
   Select the corresponding radio button to make the detrended curve displayed.
   
   You can also use a "Heavily detrending" algorithm in CDendro.
   This divides each ring width value with the mean value of the nearest surrounding 10 ring widths.
   At the very ends of the ring width curve, division is done with the mean value of the nearest 5 ring widths.

   If you like, you can save any detrended ring width curve as a .wid-file.tru

   Note: When one of the detrend options is turned on for a sample which itself is the reference then the shape of this reference ring width curve will be plotted the same way in all other sample windows! So if you want to compare Neg-Exp-deTrended ring width curves for a sample and a reference, you have to see that both sample and reference have their "NExp detrended curve" options selected.
   Of course, if the reference curve is based on e.g. a .d12 file containing an already Neg-Exp:ed ring width curve it should be displayed with the "Original ring widths" option.

   (After a change of option in another window, you may have to click the "Refresh curve" button when you are back at the curve you are analyzing.)
   
   

   
   

   Collections:

   
   
   Without detrending
   
   Detrending of ring widths
   
   With detrending
   
   When calculating a "sum-sample" out of a collection, the ring widths can now be detrended before they are added to the mean value ring width curve.
   You do want detrending when you take a mean value curve from many different trunks.
   You do not want detrending when you analyze several radii from the same trunk.
   
   

   When possible you will probably measure several radii of a stem. When you add such ring width series to other series based on a single radii per stem the multi-radii-stems will be overrepresented in your sum.
   To avoid this you can turn on the "Sum by stem" option before you click "Create a sample with width mean values and normalized data".
   CDendro will then first make a per-stem mean value calculation (of normalized and of scaled ring width values) and then add these per-stem mean values to the definite result.

   CDendro assumes that sample names like NMVK04A, NMVK04B, NMVK04C come from the same stem. I.e. the radius identity is represented by a letter after a digit. Even NMVK04D1 and NMVK04D2 are considered radii of the same stem.

   In actual cases I have seen no significant difference between mean values from the collection as a whole or from a by-stem-calculation. What matters is correctly measured radii.
   
   

   The checking status of members can be saved with the collection
   
   Collections can now be saved either with only checked members (as before) or with all members but with the checking status preserved. This gives you a way to save your job e.g. before you are ready with it.
   
   Invert member checking in a collection
   
   There is now a button to invert the member checking of a collection. This is typically useful when you want to split a decadal file into two different collections.
   
   The group of normalized curves underlying a mean value sample (from a collection) can be plotted together.
   
   
   Matching towards several reference curves in one operation
   
   
   
   Sites with some shorter or longer reference curves are shown on the map.
   Aneby is marked with a white dot.
   
   The Test towards reference button command has been extended.

   The collection above contains reference curves from several sites (marked with red dots in the map).
   Each reference curve has been created from its own collection with the button command "Create a sample with width mean values and normalized data".
   Then each mean value sample has been saved with the command "Samples/Save normalized data As" and stored in a .d12 file.
   These normalized files have then been added to the dated collection shown above.

   A mean value curve from another site (Aneby) is selected as the  reference.

   When you click on the "Test towards reference" button in the collection you get a table showing how all these normalized files match towards the Aneby curve.
   The column "Sets ref to" shows how all the different curves match (date) the Aneby curve to the same year, 2003.

   This is useful when you want to find out (and document!) how several reference curves match towards a sample of unknown origin (or towards another reference curve)!

   Please note, that the sample of unknown origin is here selected as the reference! Then all the members of the collection (=all the normalized reference curves) are tested towards that reference (of unknown origin).

   Note: The collection shown above has to be dated. Otherwise the "Sets ref to" column will not be shown.
   
   

   Plotting the quality of matching
   
   Correlation curves, TTest curves and a sort of quality curves can be plotted.
   
   Correlation coefficients and TTest values for each compared point from a correlation analysis.
   
   Crossdating quality functions
   
   

   The "Blockwise. Correct and best incorrect match" curve plots the correct-match-correlation value for each possible block of a certain length together with the next best (incorrect) correlation values. These curves show how well a correct match can be distinguished from incorrect matches. For further information, see the section on Dating certainty.

   
   
   
   

   News in CooRecorder

   
   
   Calibration of dpi for photos
   
   There is now a calibration mechanism in CooRecorder. This can be used to calibrate a photo of a tree ring sample when the distance between two points on the photo is known.